Another factor that the concept should focus on is interoperability between the two services from both an equipment and operations standpoint, according to Jan van Tol of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. Interoperability is the “spine of the whole concept,” van Tol said. It “affects so many different things from command and control to communications and ISR.” It also remains to be seen whether the document will be a simple vision statement or a more concrete operational concept of how the Air Force and Navy plan to fight in a denied area scenario of the type they could face in a conflict with China, van Tol said.